Which medications can cause dementia?

Several types of medications can contribute to worsening cognitive problems or even cause dementia-like symptoms, especially in older people. This does not mean that these drugs directly cause dementia, but they can increase the risk or temporarily cause symptoms that resemble dementia.

Benzodiazepines such as diazepam, oxazepam and lorazepam used for anxiety and sleep problems increase the risk of memory problems, drowsiness, increased risk of falls and have an increased risk of dementia with long-term use. Non-benzodiazepine sleeping pills such as zolpidem and zopiclone can have similar effects as benzodiazepines on memory and alertness.

Anticholinergics such as oxybutynin, hydroxyzine and promethazine can also play a role. These drugs block the action of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter that is important for memory. Anticholinergics can accelerate cognitive decline, especially in the elderly. Antidepressants (with anticholinergic effects) such as amitriptyline or nortriptyline can cause memory problems and confusion in the elderly.

Antipsychotics such as haloperidol, quetiapine, risperidone used for psychosis and behavioral problems in dementia have an increased risk of confusion and accelerated cognitive decline in older adults.

Opioids such as morphine, fentanyl, and oxycodone used for pain relief have a risk of drowsiness, confusion, and memory problems, especially with chronic use.

Author: Prof. Dr. Dirk Devroey - Latest update: 2025-04-29 - Copyright: Clinifacts 2025